Influence of the use of compression stockings on physiological, perceptual, and affective responses during running in recreational runners / Influência do uso de meias de compressão nas respostas fisiológicas, perceptuais e afetivas durante a corridas em corridores recreacionais

Este estudo objetivou comparar a influência do uso de polainas de compressão nas respostas fisiológicas, perceptuais e afetivas durante a corrida em corredores recreacionais. Dez corredores recreacionais (31,5 ± 9,7 anos) participaram deste estudo. Todos os sujeitos completaram três visitas ao laboratório: (a) familiarização e teste incremental até a exaustão (b) duas sessões de exercícios realizadas em dias diferentes. Cada sessão envolveu o mesmo protocolo de exercícios (20 minutos continuamente a uma intensidade de 80% da velocidade máxima da esteira a lcançada no teste incremental até a exaustão), com ou sem o uso de meias de compressão. A Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), Feeling Scale (FS), percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e a frequência cardíaca (FC) foram registradas durante cada sessão experimental. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças entre as condições fisiológicas (% VO2máx: 88,1 ± 8,3 vs 87,1 ± 11,32; % HR: 91,8 ± 2,8 vs 90,8 ± 3,2), e as respostas perceptuais (PSE: 6,4 ± 1,2 vs 6,2 ± 1,4) e afetivas (FS: 0,35 ± 2,4 vs 0,37 ± 2,3; FAS: 4,3 ± 0,7 vs 4,3 ± 1,1) durante cada sessão de exercício. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que o uso de polainas de compressão não promove benefícios fisiológicos, perceptuais e afetivas durante a corrida em corredores recreacionais.(AU)

This study aimed to compare the influence of wearing compression stockings on physiological, perceptual, and affective respon ses during running in recreational runners. Ten recreational runners (31.5 ± 9.7 years) participated in this study. All subjects completed three visits to the lab: (a) familiarization and incremental test until exhaustion (b) two exercise sessions conducted on different days. Each session involved the same exercise protocol (20 min continuously at an intensity of 80% of the maximum treadmill speed achieved in the incremental test until exhaustion), with or without the use of compression stockings. The Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), Feeling Scale (FS), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and heart rate (HR) were recorded during each experimental session. Results showed no differ ences between the conditions of physiological (% VO2máx: 88.1 ± 8.3 vs 87.1 ± 11.32; % HR: 91.8 ± 2.8 vs 90.8 ± 3.2), perceptual (RPE: 6.4 ± 1.2 vs 6.2 ± 1.4) and affective (FS: 0.35 ± 2.4 vs 0.37 ± 2.3; FAS: 4.3 ± 0.7 vs 4.3 ± 1.1) responses during each exercise sessio n. The results of the present study suggest that wearing of compression stockings does not promote physiological, perceptual, and affective benefits during running of recreational runners.(AU)

Efeitos dos jogos reduzidos sobre os marcadores psicofisiológicos de atletas de futsal feminino / Effects of small-sided games on psychophysiological markers of female futsal athletes

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito da quantidade de balizas em jogos reduzidos no futsal (JRF's) sobre a carga interna e resposta afetiva. Participaram do estudo oito atletas adultas de futsal feminino, que treinavam regularmente cinco vezes por semana. Foram analisadas duas sessões de treinamento: 1) JRF1baliza 4 x 4 com uma baliza para cada equipe; 2) JRF3balizas4 x 4 com três balizas para cada equipe. A ordem dos JRF's foi escolhida de forma randomizada. Para análise da carga interna utilizou-se a escala CR 0-10 de percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e para a resposta afetiva, utilizou-se a escala de sentimento (feeling scale). Utilizou-se o teste t pareado para análise da resposta psicofisiológica, considerando significativo um valor p < 0,05. Em nossos resultados os valores de P SE foram semelhantes entre os JRF's (JRF1baliza: 4,5 ± 1,7 vs. JRF3balizas: 4,4 ± 0,7, p > 0,05) da mesma fo rm a para a resposta afetiva (JRF1baliza: 0,2 ± 0,8 vs. JRF3balizas: 0,1 ± 1,0, p > 0,05), adicionalmente observou-se que os valores de PSE fixaram-se em "um pouco difícil" e a resposta afetiva permaneceu positiva durante ambos os JRF's. Em suma, conclui-se que os JRF1baliza e JRF3balizas obtiveram respostas semelhante nos marcadores psicofisiológicos (PSE e Afeto) em atletas adultas de futsal feminino...(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the number of goals in futsal small-sided games (SSG) on the internal load and affective response. Eight adult female futsal players regularly training five times a week participated in the study. Two training sessions were analyzed: 1) SSG1goal 4 x 4 with one goal for each team; 2) SSG3goal 4 x 4 with three goals for each team. The order of SSG was chosen in a randomized fashion. The CR 0-10 scale of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was ch o sen to analyze internal load and for the affective response, the feeling scale was used. Paired t test was used t o analyze the psychophysiological response, considering a value p < 0.05. It was observ ed t hat t he RPE values were similar between the SSG (SSG1goal: 4.5 ± 1.7 vs. SSG3goal: 4.4 ± 0.7, p > 0.05) in the same way for affective response (SSG1goal: 0.2 ± 0.8 vs. SSG3goal: 0.1 ± 1.0, p > 0.05), it was further observed that the RPE values were set as "a little difficult" and the values of the Feeling Scale was p o sit iv e durin g bo th SSG. In summary, the SSG1goal and SSG3goal being performed in random order with seven days rest between them, obtained similar responses in the psychophysiological markers in adult female futsal players...(AU)

Hydration status, sweating rate, heart rate and perceived exertion after running sessions in different relative humidity conditions: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of running in normal relative humidity (RH = 53%) and very high RH (94%) on hydration status (HS), sweating rate (SR), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Fourteen men (25.2 ± 6.6 yrs) performed two sessions of treadmill running. Body mass (normal RH: -1.35%, very high RH: -1.65%) HS (normal RH: -14.8%; very high RH: -20.8%) were reduced while RPE (normal RH: +26%; very high RH: +28%) and HR were increased (very high RH: +5.8%: 20-40 min, +3.1%: 40-60 min, +3%: 20-40 min; +2.3%: 40-60 min for normal RH). As expected, SR was significantly greater during very high RH (-20/8%) compared to normal RH (-14.8%). Running in very high RH at moderate temperature has a greater negative impact on SR, HS, body mass, HR, RPE in men than running in normal RH at the same temperature, which places the runner in greater danger of heat illnesses such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke.

RESUMO Analisar o impacto da corrida em diferentes humidade relativa (HR) (normal (53%), muito alto (94%)), estado de hidratação (EH), taxa de transpiração (TT), freqüência cardíaca (FC), esforço percebido (RPE). Quatorze homens (25,2 anos) realizaram duas sessões de corrida em esteira. Massa corporal (HR normal: -1,35%, HR muito alta: -1,65%) e EH reduziram (HR normal: -14,8%, HR muito alta: -20,8%), RPE (HR normal: + 26%, HR muito alta: + 28%), aumento da FC (HR muito alta: + 5.8%: 20-40 min, + 3.1%: 40-60 min, HR normal: + 3%: 20-40 min; + 2.3%: 40-60 min). TT foi significantemente diferente entre HR (HR normal: -14.8%, HR muito alta: -20.8%). Há um impacto negativo na corrida em EH, massa corporal, FC e RPE em homens com HR normal e muito alta, e TT é mais afetada com HR muito alta.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las repercusiones de correr con diferentes niveles de humedad relativa (HR) (normal [53%], muy alta [94%]) sobre el estado de hidratación (EH), la tasa de sudoración (TS), la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y el esfuerzo percibido (EP). Catorce hombres (25,2 ± 6,6 años) realizaron dos sesiones en cinta de correr. La masa corporal (HR normal: -1,35%; HR muy alta: -1,65%) y el EH (HR normal: -14,8%; HR muy alta: -20,8%) se redujeron, mientras que el EP (HR normal: +26%; HR muy alta: +28%) y la FC (HR muy alta: +5,8%: 20-40 min; +3,1%: 40-60 min; HR normal: + 3%: 20-40 min; + 2,3%: 40-60) aumentaron. La TS fue considerablemente diferente entre las HR (HR normal: -14,8%; muy alta HR: -20,8%). Hay repercusiones negativas por correr con una HR muy alta y una temperatura moderada en TS, EH, masa corporal, FC y EP en corredores que corren a una HR normal a la misma temperatura, lo que sitúa a estos en gran peligro de sufrir un enfermedad provocada por el calor, como agotamiento por calor o golpe de calor.

Comparação da carga de treinamento de atletas profissionais entre modos de treinos especificos do voleibol e de força / Comparison of the training load of professional athletes between modes of volleyball specific drills and strength conditioning

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a carga de treinamento em três tipos de treinamentos de uma equipe de voleibol profissional.. Participaram do estudo 28 jogadores (26,6 ± 4,7 anos; 91,5 ± 8,5 Kg; 194,1 ± 6,0 cm). Foi realizada uma análise descritiva de 29 sessões de treino técnico, 84 tecnico-tático e 75 de musculação e isoladamente das variáveis que compõem a carga de treinamento, PSE e o tempo de duração da sessão, posteriormente sendo reunidos em média e desvio padrão de acordo com tipo de treino. Para análise dos dados foi adotado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e em seguida aplicou-se o teste Anova Two-Way com o Post Hoc de Tamhane e também foi utilizado o tamanho do efeito para análise das comparações. Os resultados demonstraram respostas significativas e grande tamanho de efeitos quando comparados técnico e técnico-tático com a musculação na carga interna de treinamento TxM (TE=1,2: grande; p= 0,002); TTxM (TE=1,3: grande; p= 0,001) e no tempo de duração da sessão TxM (TE=1,7: grande; p= 0,001); TTxM (TE=2,0: grande; p= 0,001), já a PSE da sessão apresentou apenas uma diferença sigifcativa TTxM (TE= 0,8: moderado; p= 0,001). Os estímulos de treinamentos específicos de quadra como técnico e técnico-tático promoveram maior carga interna nos atletas do que o treino de força, através principalmente pela influencia da variável tempo de duração da sessão que refletiu a carga externa.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the training load in three types of training of a professional volleyball team. Participants were 28 players (26.6 ± 4.7 years, 91.5 ± 8.5 kg; 194.1 ± 6.0 cm). A descriptive analysis of 29 technical training sessions, 84 technical-tactical training sessions and 75 training sessions, and of the variables that compose the training load, PSE and the duration of the session were performed, and were then collected on average and standard deviation according to with type of training. To analyze the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was adopted, and then the Anova Two-Way test was applied with Tamhane's Post Hoc and the effect size was also used for analysis of the comparisons. The results demonstrated significant responses and a large effect size when compared to technical and tactical-to- strength training (T = 1.2: large; p = 0.002); TTxM (TE = 1.3: large, p = 0.001) and the duration of the session / external load in the TxM training (TE = 1.7: large; p = 0.001); TTxM (TE = 2.0: large, p = 0.001), whereas the PSE of the session showed only a sigifcant difference TTxM (TE = 0.8: moderate; p = 0.001). The stimuli of specific training of court as technician and technician-tactician promoted greater internal load in the athletes than the strength training, mainly through the influence of the variable time of the session that reflected to external load.

Effects of a 4-week high-intensity interval training on pacing during 5-km running trial

This study analyzed the influence of a 4-week high-intensity interval training on the pacing strategy adopted by runners during a 5-km running trial. Sixteen male recreational long-distance runners were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=8) or a high-intensity interval training group (HIIT, n=8). The HIIT group performed high-intensity interval-training twice per week, while the CON group maintained their regular training program. Before and after the training period, the runners performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion to measure the onset of blood lactate accumulation, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and peak treadmill speed (PTS). A submaximal constant-speed test to measure the running economy (RE) and a 5-km running trial on an outdoor track to establish pacing strategy and performance were also done. During the 5-km running trial, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and time to cover the 5-km trial (T5) were registered. After the training period, there were significant improvements in the HIIT group of ∼7 and 5% for RE (P=0.012) and PTS (P=0.019), respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups for VO2max (P=0.495) or onset of blood lactate accumulation (P=0.101). No difference was found in the parameters measured during the 5-km trial before the training period between HIIT and CON (P>0.05). These findings suggest that 4 weeks of HIIT can improve some traditional physiological variables related to endurance performance (RE and PTS), but it does not alter the perception of effort, pacing strategy, or overall performance during a 5-km running trial.

The effects of different doses of caffeine on performance, rating of perceived exertion and pain perception in teenagers female karate athletes

ABSTRACT The present study set to examine the effects of different doses of caffeine on performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and pain perception in female teenager athletes of karate. Ten female karate athletes (16.8±1.23 years; height 1.59±0.28 m; body-mass 57.73±8.33 kg; BMI 22.71±3.05 kg/m2) participated in the study. A double-blind, randomized, and crossover counterbalanced design was used. In three sessions (with an interval of seven days'), ten female karate athletes ingested low dose (2 mg/kg), moderate dose (5 mg/kg) caffeine, and placebo. Sixty minutes after consumption, they performed the tests as below: one repetition maximum and 60% of one repetition maximum in the leg press, explosive power test, and anaerobic RAST test. After the tests, the participants' RPE (6-20 scale) and pain perception (0-10 scale) were recorded using various categorical scales. The results showed that caffeine ingestion at moderate dose significantly reduced RPE and pain perception values compared with the placebo during muscular endurance test (P=0.0001 and P=0.039, respectively). The findings suggest that caffeine dose of 5 mg/kg body mass appears to improve RPE and pain perception in female teenager athletes of karate. The dose of 2 mg/kg body mass does not confer any additional improvement in performance.

Perception of effort monitors internal load during compounded circuit training

The aim of this study was to determine if rating of perceived exertion (RPE) could be used to monitor the internal load during compounded circuit training (CCT) sessions in women. Thirteen young adults women performed three sessions of CCT varying the intensity according to participants' maximum heart rate (50, 70 and 90%HRmax). Throughout the main part of CCT (35min), HR and RPE were measured. Both variables were significantly different among the exercise intensities. However, HR and RPE were not correlated. Probably because HR at the end of exercise was similar to the beginning at 90% and 70% of HRmaxintensities, and lower than the beginning instant at 50% of HRmaxintensity, whereas RPE increased from the beginning instant to the end of exercise for all intensities. Therefore, RPE is suitable to monitor the internal load during CCT sessions in women due to its possibility to detect the (in)tolerance to exercise, despite of the lack of correlation with HR.

Pre-competitive physical training and markers of performance, stress and recovery in young volleyball athletes / Treinamento físico pré-competitivo e marcadores de desempenho, estresse e recuperação em jovens atletas de voleibol

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of physical training during a pre-competition period on power and explosive strength endurance of the lower limbs, stress and recovery in young volleyball athletes. Seven male athletes (15.8 ± 0.5 years, 186.1 ± 6.6 cm, 75.9 ± 1.8 kg) of an Under-16 volleyball team were trained during a pre-competition period of 4 weeks. The internal training load (ITL) was monitored by the session RPE method. The participants performed a countermovement jump test (CMJ) and an intermittent jump test of four sets of 15 seconds (IJT) on the first day of training (baseline) and on the last day of the 2nd (post-week 2) and 4th week (post-week 4). The RESTQ-Sport Questionnaire was applied at baseline and on the last day of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th week (post-weeks 2, 3 and 4). No difference was observed in ITL (p>0.05). CMJ performance increased gradually from baseline to post-week 2 and from post-week 2 to post-week 4 (p<0.05). The average power in the first 15 seconds and average power of the four sets of 15 seconds of the IJT were higher in post-week 4 compared to baseline (p<0.01). Scores on the Fatigue and Injury scales of the RESTQ-Sport changed during training (p<0.05). We conclude that training applied during the pre-competitive period provided increments in CMJ performance and explosive strength endurance, and the changes in the RESTQ-Sport suggest that the athletes had adequate levels of stress and recovery.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do treinamento físico aplicado em um período pré-competitivo na potência e na resistência de força explosiva de membros inferiores, no estresse e na recuperação de jovens atletas de voleibol. Sete atletas (15,8 ± 0,5 anos, 186,1 ± 6,6cm, 75,9 ± 1,8kg) de uma equipe de voleibol sub-16, do sexo masculino, foram treinados durante um período pré-competitivo de quatro semanas. A carga interna de treinamento (CIT) foi monitorada pelo método PSE da sessão. Testes de salto vertical com contramovimento (CMJ) e de natureza intermitente, de quatro séries de 15 segundos (TSVI), foram avaliados no 1º dia de treinamento (linha de base), no último dia da 2ª (pós-semana 2) e da 4ª semana (pós-semana 4). O Questionário RESTQ-Sport foi aplicado na linha de base, no último dia da 2ª, 3ª e 4ª semanas (Pós-semana 2, 3 e 4). A CIT não foi diferente (p>0,05). O CMJ aumentou no pós-semana 2, comparado com a linha de base e no pós-semana 4, comparado com o pós-semana 2 (p<0,05). A média de potência nos 15 segundos iniciais e a média de potência das quatro séries de 15 segundos do TSVI foram maiores no pós-semana 4, comparado à linha de base (p<0,01). As escalas Fadiga e Lesões do RESTQ-Sport se alteraram ao longo do treinamento (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o treinamento aplicado durante o período pré-competitivo proporcionou incrementos no CMJ e no TSVI, e as alterações no RESTQ-Sport sugerem que os atletas apresentaram níveis adequados de estresse e recuperação.

A new approach to assessment of energy expenditure during physical training / 体力科学

While the session-RPE (rating of perceived exertion) method can quantify training volume in athletes, this method is not able to evaluate energy expenditure (EE) during a training session. We developed an RPE-based activity record for assessing EE during athletic training, and we compared its results to those obtained using the flex-heart rate (flex-HR) method. The EE of nine female collegiate endurance runners was assessed by the RPE-based activity record and flex-HR methods during eight days in the normal training season. Subjects were asked to record their RPE in the record at 5-minute intervals, and to wear a HR monitor during training. All subjects also participated in an incremental treadmill exercise test, which was used to determine their RPE-EE and HR-EE regression equations. Although the RPE-based activity record significantly overestimated EE (RPE-activity record, 572 kcal/session; flex-HR method, 499 kcal/session; <i>p</i> = 0.031), it had high validity relative to the flex-HR method (intra-class correlation coefficient, 0.891; 95% confidence interval, 0.845–0.923) and there were no systematic errors in EE estimation between the two methods. Therefore, the RPE-based activity record can be used to assess EE during training in female runners. However, RPE-based activity record might overestimate EE for athletes who have more intermittent activities during training than endurance runners, because RPE takes more time for returning to the resting level than HR when the intensity of activity declines. Further research is needed to verify the validity of the RPE-based activity record for assessing EE during other sporting activities or measurement conditions, and to identify the factors affecting the degree of estimation error associated with this method.

Application of heart rate and rating of perceived exertion scale in monitoring physical fatigue in divers during heliox saturation diving / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To study the application of heart rate(HR) and rating of perceived exertion(RPE) scale in monitoring the physical fatigue in the divers during the 100 msw heliox saturation diving. Methods The 100 msw pressure environment was simulated by a 500 msw saturation diving system: pressure was 1.1 MPa; oxygen partial pressure was 35-52 kPa; carbon dioxide partial pressure was <0.5 kPa;the temperature during exposure to high pressure was (31.0±1.7)℃;and the relative humidity was (76.8±3.5)%. Respiratory gas was heliox. The 18 divers' HR and the scores of RPE scale were recorded at 6 time points, including (1)the day before the subjects entered the chamber; (2) the first day that the subjects were exposed to 100 msw pressure environment; (3) the peak of the subject physical exercise load test under 100 msw pressure environment; (4) the second day under 100 msw pressure environment; (5) the first day that the subjects were out of the chamber; and (6) the seventh day that the subjects were out of the chamber. All the data were analyzed with paired-samples t-test. The correlation was analyzed with Pearson correlation. Results From the day before the subjects entered the chamber to the first day that the subjects were exposed to 100 msw pressure environment, the resting HR of subjects was significantly decreased (P<0.05); From the first day that the subjects were out of the chamber to the seventh day that the subjects were out of the chamber, the resting HR was significantly increased (P<0.05). Significant differences were also found in the basic RPE score of the subjectes between before entering the chamber and after entering the chamber(P<0.05). During the 100 msw heliox saturation, with the variable physical work loads, the trend of of heart rate changes was still in accordance with the score of RPE scale, with that measured at the peak of the subject physical exercise load test under 100 msw pressure being significantly different from that measured at the first day the subjects were exposed to 100msw pressure (P<0.05).The RPE score was significantly related with the HR of divers (r=0.734, P<0.01). Conclusion The combined application of HR and RPE scale can monitor the physical fatigue of the divers during 100msw heliox saturation diving.

Effect of exercise order on the resistance training performance during a circuit training session / Efeito da ordem dos exercícios sobre o desempenho durante uma sessão de treinamento resistido no método circuito

The aim of this study was to compare total work volume, number of repetitions and rate of perceived effort performed in two different sequences of circuit training sessions. Eleven recreationally trained men (24.0 ± 4.8 years, 76.1 ± 8.5 kg, 1.75 ± 0.06 m) performed two different sequences of circuit training sessions. All sessions consisted of eight stations (exercises) of three sets in circuit, performed to volitional fatigue, alternating upper and lower body exercises, with 1-minute rest interval between exercises. Sequence A began with multiple joint exercises and progressed to single joint exercises, whereas sequence B was performed with the opposite exercise order. Number of repetitions and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were compared by repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (repeated measures MANOVA). Total work volume (TWV) was compared by paired t-test. There were no differences between exercise order for TWV (p=0.47) and RPE of all exercises (p>0.05). For both sequences, number of repetitions was greater when exercise was performed first (p<0.05). These results indicate that during a circuit training session, exercises order influenced the number of repetition, but did not influence TWV and RPE. These findings may suggest that for those who aim overall muscular gains, similar results will be obtained with single and multiple joint, upper and lower body circuit training exercise orders. Similarly, exercise intensity will be similarly perceived regardless of exercise sequences. For those who aim specific muscle group gains, priority exercises must be performed first.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o Volume Total de Trabalho (VTT), o Número de Repetições (NR), e a Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço (PSE) de duas sequências de exercícios executadas no método circuito. Onze homens treinados recreacionalmente (24.0 ± 4.8 years, 76.1 ± 8.5 kg, 1.75 ± 0.06 m) realizaram duas sequências diferentes de exercícios contra a resistência no método circuito. As sessões foram compostas por três passagens em oito estações (exercícios), executadas até a fadiga, alternados membros superiores e inferiores, com 1 minuto de intervalo entre os exercícios. A sequência A foi iniciada por exercícios multiarticulares e progrediu para exercícios monoarticulares, enquanto a sequência B foi executada na ordem inversa. O NR e a PSE foram comparadas pela MANOVA com medidas repetidas. O VTT foi comparado por meio do teste t pareado. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as ordens de exercícios para o VTT (p=0.47) e PSE (p>0.05). Para ambas as sequências, o NR foi maior quando os exercícios foram realizados no início das sequências (p<0,05). Esses resultados indicaram que a ordem dos exercícios afetou o número de repetições, mas não afetou o VTT e a PSE. Esses achados sugerem que, para aqueles que objetivam ganhos musculares gerais, resultados similares podem ser obtidos com exercícios mono e multiarticulares, para membros superiores e inferiores em diferentes ordens no método circuito. Da mesma forma, a intensidade do exercício será percebida de forma similar independente da sequência. Para aqueles que objetivam ganhos musculares específicos, exercícios prioritários devem ser executados no início da sessão.

Assessment of a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program Based on the Borg RPE Scale by Six-minute Walk Test: A Pilot Study.

Aims: The ability of cardiac rehabilitation to reduce mortality in those with cardiovascular disease is well established. Despite its widespread use in the clinical setting, the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale is yet to be validated for its ability to lead to improvements in functional capacity. Study Design: A closed cohort pilot study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physiotherapy, Albury Base Hospital and School of Community Health, between November 2008 and November 2009. Methodology: Fifteen participants were assessed prior to and following completion of a cardiac rehabilitation program. Exercise was prescribed according to the Borg RPE scale. Pre and post Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) scores were obtained to determine the impact of the cardiac rehabilitation program. Results: Fifteen cardiac rehabilitation participants completed all requirements of the study after an initial enrolment of 22 patients. Wilcoxon signed-ranks test showed statistically significant improvements in 6MWT scores following participation in the cardiac rehabilitation program (p=.033) from a median value of 412 metres to 475 metres. Conclusion: In this pilot study, cardiac rehabilitation programs based on the Borg RPE scale may improvefunctional capacity measured by 6MWT during a 6-week period.

Carga interna de treinamento em diferentes aulas pré formatadas do sistema Les Mills® / Internal training load in different pre standardized workouts of Les Mills® system

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a carga interna de treinamento imposta em diferentes aulas pré-formatadas do sistema Les Mills® e comparar a percepção de esforço planejada pelo instrutor com a percebida pelas alunas. A amostra foi constituída por 20 mulheres jovens. Foram monitoradas 10 aulas, em duas semanas consecutivas. A carga interna foi determinada pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE-sessão). Os valores da PSE-sessão não diferiram significativamente da 1ª para a 2ª semana (Body Combat© = 252 ± 36 vs. 258 ± 39 UA – p=0,64; Body Pump© (terça-feira) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30 UA – p=0,33; Body Step© = 246 ± 51 vs. 252 ± 46 UA– p=0,43; Body Pump© (quinta-feira) = 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA– p=0,06; Power Jump© = 291 ± 44 vs. 315 ± 42 UA– p=0,06). Houve diferença em 50% das aulas no tocante à intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas: Body Combat© (Instrutor: 3 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,6 – p<0,01), Body Pump© (terça-feira) (Instrutor: 2 vs. Alunas: 2,8 ± 0,6 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 4,8 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) ministradas na 1ª semana e nas aulas de Body Step© (Instrutor: 5 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 5,2 ± 0,5 – p<0,01) ministradas na 2ª semana. Os resultados sugerem que as aulas analisadas mantiveram o mesmo padrão de carga interna quando repetidas em semanas distintas. Entretanto, houve discrepância entre a intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas. Estes resultados apontam a importância do monitoramento das cargas de treinamento em aulas pré-formatadas, especialmente no contexto do fitness.

The aim of this study was to quantify internal training loadimposed on different pre-formatted classes Les Mills® system and compare the perception ofeffort planned by the instructor with perceived by the students. The sample consisted of 20young women. 10 lessons were monitored for two consecutive weeks. The internal loadwas determined by the perceived exertion of the session (session-PSE) method. thevalues of PSE-session did not differ significantly from the 1st to 2nd week (Body Combat ©= 252 ± 36 vs. UA 258 ± 39 - p = 0.64; © Body Pump (Tuesday) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30AU - p = 0.33; Body Step © = 246 ± 51 vs. UA- 252 ± 46 p = 0.43; © Body Pump (Thursday)= 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA- p = 0.06; Power Jump © = 291 ± 44 vs. UA- 315 ± 42 p = 0.06).Was no difference in 50% of lessons regarding the intensity planned by the instructor and theexperienced by the students: Body Combat © (Instructor: Students vs. 3: 4.2 ± 0.6 - p <0.01), Body© Pump (Tuesday) (Instructor: Students vs. 2: 2.8 ± 0.6 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: 6vs. Students: 4.8 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) in the 1st week and taught classes in Body Step © (Instructor:5 vs. Students: 4.2 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: Students vs. 6: 5.2 ± 0.5 - p <0.01)held in the 2nd week. The results suggest that the classes analyzed maintained the samestandard internal load when repeated in different weeks. However, there was a discrepancybetween the intensity planned by the instructor and experienced by the students. these resultsindicate the importance of monitoring training loads at pre-formatted classes,especially in the context of fitness.

Monitoramento da carga interna de treinamento em jogadores de futsal ao longo de uma temporada / Monitoring of the internal training load in futsal players over a season

Existe a necessidade de estudos sobre métodos para controle da carga e descrição da periodização em equipes de futsal. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e analisar a carga interna de treinamento em um macrociclo de futsal utilizando-se o método de Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço da sessão. A amostra foi composta por 13 atletas de Liga Nacional. Calculou-se carga de treinamento semanal total (CTST), monotonia e strain durante 37 semanas. Utilizando Teste t de Student pareado, o período de preparação (PP) apresentou CTST, strain e monotonia maiores que o competitivo (PC). Utilizando ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo post-hoc de Bonferroni, observaram-se diferenças significativas para CTST entre mesociclos: 1 > 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9; 7 > 4, 5, 8, 9; 2, 3 e 6 > 5, 8, 9; 4 > 5; 8 > 5 (p>0,05). As cargas de treinamento (CT) foram mais elevadas no PP com redução no PC. A CT apresenta uma característica ondulatória, adaptando-se ao calendário competitivo.

There is a need for studies on methods for control of load and description of periodization in futsal teams. The objective of this study was to report and analyze the internal training load in a macrocycle of futsal using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method. The sample consisted of 13 athletes of the National League. We calculated the total weekly training load (TWTL), monotony and strain over 37 weeks. Using the paired Student's t Test, the preparation period (PP) showed higher TWTL, strain and monotony than the competitive period (CP). The ANOVA test of repeated measures, followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test showed significant differences in the TWTL among the mesocycles: 1 > 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9; 7 > 4, 5, 8, 9; 2, 3 and 6 > 5, 8, 9; 4 > 5; 8 > 5 (p<0.05). The training loads (TL) were higher in the PP with reduction in the CP, with cycles of high load being required during the CP. The TL presents an oscillatory feature, and is adapted to the competition schedule.

Monitoramento da carga interna no basquetebol / Monitoring internal load in basketball

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a magnitude da carga interna referente a uma partida oficial de Basquetebol feminino e avaliar se a carga interna apresenta relação com o número de ações técnicas realizadas no jogo. A amostra foi constituída de 10 atletas (25 ± 4 anos) que participaram do XI Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquetebol Feminino. Foram avaliados o comportamento da frequência cardíaca (FC) e a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) em resposta à partida. A carga interna foi calculada pelo método de Edwards e pelo método de Foster. Além disso, foram analisados os parâmetros de desempenho técnico na partida. A carga interna estimada pelo método de Edwards e Foster foram 255±62 e 321±127 unidades arbitrárias, respectivamente. Foi detectada correlação moderada entre os dois métodos utilizados (Edwards e Foster; r = 0,64; - p<0,05). Também foram detectadas correlações significativas (p<0,05) entre a carga interna estimada pelo método de Edwards e o número de pontos marcados na partida (r = 0,53), o número de rebotes (r = 0,67), o número de assistências (r = 0,59), o número de recuperações de posse de bola (r = 0,70) e o somatório de todas as ações (r = 0,64). Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo sugerem que a carga interna da partida avaliada foi moderada e que o número de ações realizadas pelas atletas na partida influencia a carga interna.

The aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of the internal load induced by an official women?s basketball match and to determine whether the magnitude of the internal load is correlated with the number of basketball maneuvers perfomed. The sample consisted of 10 athletes (25 ± 4 years), who participated in the XI Brazilian Women?s Basketball Championship. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion in response to the match were evaluated. The internal load was calculated by the methods of Edwards and Foster. In addition, the basketball maneuvers perfomed in the match were analyzed. The internal load estimated by the methods of Edwards and Foster was 255 ± 62 and 321 ± 127 arbitrary units, respectively. A moderate correlation was observed between the two methods used (r = 0.64, p <0.05). In addition, significant correlations (p <0.05) were observed between internal load estimated by the methodof Edwards and the number of points scored in the match (r = 0.53), number of rebounds (r = 0.67), number of assists (r = 0.59), number of steals (r = 0.70), and the sum of all indicators (r = 0.64). The results of this study suggest that the internal load of the match was moderate and was influenced by the number of maneuvers performed by the athletes in the match.

Efeito da alteração ambiental sobre componentes psicológicos e parâmetros fisiológicos durante corrida em atletas / Effect of environment alteration in psychological components and physiological parameters during the treadmill running in athletes

Avaliou-se o efeito da alteração ambiental no afeto, percepção subjetiva do esforço e em parâmetros fisiológicos durante a corrida em atletas. Dezoito atletas de andebol atenderam a quatro sessões experimentais de corrida na esteira (linha de base, fragmentada, superestimada e indefinida) de 20 minutos. Foram avaliados: afeto, percepção subjetiva do esforço, frequência cardíaca e cortisol. Manipulou-se a informação sobre a duração da corrida. Verificou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo para o afeto no decorrer da corrida das sessões "fragmentada" e "superestimada", assim como no nível de cortisol salivar aos 11 minutos da corrida. O controle do comportamento afetivo dos atletas parece amenizar desgastes fisiológicos frente a adversários desconhecidos e condições indefinidas de jogo.

It was evaluated the effect of environmental alteration in affect, perceived exertion and in physiological parameters during treadmill running in athletes. Eighteen handball players participated in four running experimental sessions (baseline, fragmented overrated and unknown) for 20 minutes. It was analyzed: affect, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate and cortisol. Information about the running duration was manipulated. It was observed a statistically significant increase in affect during the treadmill running for the "fragmented" and "overrated " sessions, as well as in salivary cortisol level at the 11th minute of running. The control of athletes' affective behavior seems to relieve physiological damage when facing unknown opponents and uncertain game conditions.

Comportamento de variáveis fisiológicas durante a aula de hidroginástica com mulheres / Behavior of physiological variables during a water gymnastics class in women

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento de variáveis fisiológicas e do Índice de Percepção de Esforço (IPE) durante os diferentes momentos da aula de hidroginástica. Foram estudadas 17 mulheres, universitárias (idade 23,06±2,05 anos) investigadasem duas etapas: 1) teste de esforço máximo na esteira (VO2pico e FCmáx); e 2) avaliação da composição corporal e realização da aula de hidroginástica (FC, VO2, [lac] e IPE). Utilizaram-se a estatística descritiva e ANOVA medidas repetidas, com o teste post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que tanto a FC, quanto o VO2 apresentaram valores estatisticamente diferentes (p=0,000) nos três períodos da aula. Os valores de lactato sanguíneo apresentaram-se diferentes estatisticamente (p=0,001), somente quando foram comparados os valores obtidos no período inicial (1,55 mM) e principal (3,58 mM). O IPE médio foi de 11 e o gasto calórico total foi de 262,10 kcal. Conclui-se que as variáveis fisiológicas estudadas e o IPE apresentam uma variação significativa em função das três fases da aula de hidroginástica. Além disso, as intensidades de esforço (FC, VO2, [lac]) obtidas no período principal estão dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela literatura para exercícios aeróbios. Dessa forma, pode-se supor que a prática regular de aulas de hidroginástica com esta estrutura, pode causar uma melhora da condição física de mulheres adultas jovens.

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of physiological variables and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during the different phases of a water gymnastics class. Seventeen female university students (age: 23 ± 3.5 years) were evaluated in two steps: 1) incremental treadmill test (peak VO2 and HRmax); 2) assessment of body composition and achievement in the water gymnastics class (HR, VO2, [lac], and RPE). Descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA with the post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls were used (p<0.05). The results showed that both HR and VO2 differed significantly (p=0.000) between the three phases of the class. Blood lactate only differed significantly (p=0.001) between the early (1.55 mM) and the main phase (3.58 mM). The mean RPE was 11 and total calorie expenditure was 262.10 kcal. In conclusion, the physiological variables studied and RPE vary significantly according to the phase of the water gymnastics class. In addition, the intensity of effort (HR, VO2 and [lac]) obtained for the main phase is within the parameters established in the literature for aerobic exercise. Thus, regular water gymnastics classes with this structure may improve the physical condition of young adult women.

Influence of rehabilitation training on heart rate of stroke patients in the early stage / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the influence of rehabilitation training on heart rate of stroke patients in the early stage.MethodsThe heart rate (HR) of 30 patients within one week after the onset of stroke was evaluated by FUKUDA DS 880A teleelectrocardiograph and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected during practicing bridging, rolling and moving the arms.ResultsThe HR of 30 patients was only increased 7.57, 6.23 and 6.57 beats per minute during practicing bridging, rolling and moving the arms. RPE of all patients was less than 11.ConclusionAppropriate rehabilitation training is safety and unable to increase the loading of heart in the early stage after the onset of stroke.

Study on Usefulness of RPE Scale for the Prescription of Exercise Intensity

For the prescription of exercise, the intensity is most important. And the most commonly used method for the regulation of exercise intensity is the target heart rate calculated by the results of graded exercise test. However, the heart rate method has many disadvantages such as variances in measurement, cessation of exercise to measure the rate, difficulties in application to patients on cardiac medications like beta-blockers. Rating of perceived exertion(RPE scale) has been widely used for the prescription of exercise intensity in the cardiac and the pulmonary rehabilitation. RPE scale can be superior to the heart rate method since the patient does not have to stop exercise to measure heart rates and also medications would not influence the program. The purpose of this study was to find out if RPE scale would be useful method compared to other various parameters in normal subjects and cardiac patients for the prescription of exercise intensity. In 250 normal healthy adults with normal graded exercise test results and 42 cardiac patients, RPE scale, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, expiratory volume, and respiratory rate were measured during the graded exercise test. Correlation analysis was done between these parameters. In normal adults, heart rate, respiratory rate, double product(heart rate times systolic blood pressure), oxygen consumption to maximal oxygen consumption ratio(VO(2max)%) were significantly correlated with RPE scale. VO(2max)% showed the highest explanatory power of those parameters. In cardiac patients, heart rate, respiratory rate, expiratory volume, VO(2max)%, double product were significantly correlated with RPE scale. Also, VO(2max)% showed the highest explanatory power. VO(2max)% at each RPE scale was slightly lower in cardiac patients than in normal adults but it was not statistically significant. The results showed that RPE scale was highly correlated to VO(2max)% in both groups. VO(2max)% at the same RPE scale was not statistically different in both groups. We concluded that RPE scale is a useful method for the prescription of exercise intensity in both normal person and cardiac patients.